TOEFL Practice

Q1 【RD-1e】 · TOEFL Reading · Vocabulary in Context · Easy

Passage excerpt: 'The discovery of penicillin was largely serendipitous, arising from an accidental contamination of a bacterial culture.' The word 'serendipitous' in the passage is closest in meaning to:

A) planned
B) fortunate
C) unusual
D) deliberate

答案：B) fortunate. Serendipitous means a happy accident or fortunate discovery, especially in the context of scientific discoveries.

Q2 【RD-1c】 · TOEFL Reading · Inference · Medium

Passage: 'While the Industrial Revolution brought unprecedented economic growth, it also led to widespread environmental degradation that would not be fully understood for decades.' It can be inferred that:

A) Environmental degradation was immediately recognized
B) The economic benefits outweighed environmental costs
C) The full environmental impact was not apparent at the time
D) Industrial Revolution had no environmental impact

答案：C). The phrase 'would not be fully understood for decades' implies the impact was not recognized at the time.

Q4 【RD-1a】 · TOEFL Reading · Detail · Easy

Passage: 'Photosynthesis occurs in two stages: the light-dependent reactions, which take place in the thylakoid membranes, and the Calvin cycle, which occurs in the stroma.' Where does the Calvin cycle take place?

A) Thylakoid membranes
B) Stroma
C) Cell wall
D) Nucleus

答案：B) Stroma. The passage explicitly states the Calvin cycle occurs in the stroma.

Q5 【RD-1d】 · TOEFL Reading · Rhetorical Purpose · Medium

Passage: 'The professor's theory, though initially dismissed by the academic community, eventually gained widespread acceptance after independent verification.' Why does the author mention 'independent verification'?

A) To show the professor was wrong
B) To explain why the theory was initially dismissed
C) To explain why the theory was eventually accepted
D) To criticize the academic community

答案：C). The independent verification is what led to the theory's acceptance.

Q10 【RD-1g】 · TOEFL Reading · Sentence Simplification · Hard

Passage: 'Notwithstanding the formidable challenges posed by the mountainous terrain, the engineering team persevered, ultimately completing the railway ahead of schedule.' Which best simplifies this sentence?

A) The team gave up because of the mountains
B) Despite difficult terrain, the team finished the railway early
C) The railway was completed on schedule
D) The mountains made the project impossible

答案：B). "Notwithstanding" = despite; "formidable challenges" = difficult; "ahead of schedule" = early.

Q11 【RD-1e】 · TOEFL Reading · Vocabulary in Context · Medium

Passage: 'The novel's protagonist was known for her duplicity, often saying one thing while doing another.' The word 'duplicity' most nearly means:

A) honesty
B) deceit
C) kindness
D) courage

答案：B) deceit. Duplicity means deceitfulness or double-dealing, which matches the clue "saying one thing while doing another."

Q12 【RD-1c】 · TOEFL Reading · Inference · Hard

Passage: 'The ancient city's walls, though crumbling, still bore marks of their former grandeur—faded frescoes and intricate carvings that spoke of a civilization long past.' It can be inferred that:

A) The city is still prosperous
B) The city was once magnificent but is now in decay
C) The walls were recently built
D) The frescoes are new

答案：B). Words like "crumbling," "faded," and "long past" indicate former grandeur now in decay.

Q13 【RD-1h】 · TOEFL Reading · Insert Text · Medium

Passage: '[1] The researchers found unexpected results. [2] The bacteria had developed resistance overnight. [3] This suggested rapid evolution. [4] Further studies confirmed the finding.' Where does this sentence best fit: 'This phenomenon had never been observed before.'?

A) After [1]
B) After [2]
C) After [3]
D) After [4]

答案：B) After [2]. The new sentence explains the significance of the resistance finding before [3] draws a conclusion.

Q21 【RD-1b】 · TOEFL Reading · Negative Factual · Medium

Passage: 'Early Viking longships were constructed using clinker-built planks, propelled by both square sails and rows of oars, and steered with a side-mounted rudder. They featured shallow drafts that allowed river navigation, and decorative figureheads at the prow.' According to the passage, all of the following are features of Viking longships EXCEPT:

A) Clinker-built planks
B) Square sails and oars
C) Deep keels for ocean stability
D) Side-mounted rudder

答案：C). The passage mentions "shallow drafts," which contradicts "deep keels." The other options are stated explicitly.

Q22 【RD-1f】 · TOEFL Reading · Reference (Pronoun) · Easy

Passage: 'Coral reefs support roughly 25% of all marine species despite covering less than 1% of the ocean floor. They are highly sensitive to temperature changes, which can trigger bleaching events.' The word 'They' in the second sentence refers to:

A) Marine species
B) Coral reefs
C) Temperature changes
D) Bleaching events

答案：B) Coral reefs. The pronoun "They" refers back to the subject of the previous sentence, which is "Coral reefs."

Q23 【RD-1e】 · TOEFL Reading · Vocabulary (Academic) · Hard

Passage: 'The researcher's methodology was deemed untenable by the review committee, as the sample size was insufficient to support any statistically meaningful conclusion.' The word 'untenable' most nearly means:

A) innovative
B) defensible
C) indefensible
D) complicated

答案：C) indefensible. "Untenable" means unable to be defended or justified, which matches the context of insufficient sample size.

Q24 【RD-1h】 · TOEFL Reading · Insert Text · Hard

Passage: '[1] The Mayan civilization developed a sophisticated writing system. [2] It combined logograms with syllabic signs. [3] Scholars spent over a century deciphering it. [4] Today, most ancient Mayan texts can be read.' Where does this sentence best fit: 'This dual structure made the script particularly difficult to decode.'?

A) After [1]
B) After [2]
C) After [3]
D) After [4]

答案：B) After [2]. "This dual structure" refers to the combination of logograms and syllabic signs mentioned in [2].

Q25 【RD-1i】 · TOEFL Reading · Prose Summary · Hard

Passage (abridged): 'The Renaissance transformed European art through the rediscovery of classical techniques. Artists like Leonardo and Michelangelo studied anatomy to render the human form accurately. The invention of oil paint allowed for richer colors and finer detail. Patronage from wealthy families, particularly the Medici, funded ambitious projects. Perspective systems gave paintings new realism.' Which three statements best express the most important ideas? (Choose 3)

A) Oil paint was the single most important innovation of the Renaissance.
B) Classical techniques were rediscovered and adapted by Renaissance artists.
C) Leonardo and Michelangelo were the only great Renaissance artists.
D) Wealthy patronage enabled ambitious artistic projects.
E) Perspective systems brought new realism to paintings.
F) The Medici family controlled all European art.

答案：B, D, E. These capture the three main ideas: classical revival, patronage, and perspective. A is too narrow; C and F are factually incorrect or unsupported.

Q26 【RD-1j】 · TOEFL Reading · Table Completion · Hard

Passage: 'Migratory birds navigate using multiple cues: the sun compass by day, the star compass at night, and the magnetic compass at all times. Landmarks such as coastlines and mountain ranges provide supplementary guidance during daylight.' Complete the table by matching each cue to its condition of use:

A) Sun compass → Day; Star compass → Night; Magnetic compass → Always
B) Sun compass → Night; Star compass → Day; Magnetic compass → Always
C) Sun compass → Always; Star compass → Night; Magnetic compass → Day
D) Sun compass → Day; Star compass → Always; Magnetic compass → Night

答案：A). Directly stated in the passage: sun by day, stars at night, magnetic at all times.

Q27 【RD-1c】 · TOEFL Reading · Inference · Medium

Passage: 'Before the introduction of the printing press, books in Europe were copied by hand, primarily by monks in monasteries. A single Bible could take a scribe over a year to complete, making books prohibitively expensive for all but the wealthiest institutions.' It can be inferred that before the printing press:

A) Most ordinary people owned several books
B) Books were rare and expensive
C) Monks refused to copy Bibles
D) Books were mass-produced in factories

答案：B). The passage states books took a year to copy and were "prohibitively expensive," implying rarity and high cost.

Q28 【RD-1d】 · TOEFL Reading · Rhetorical Purpose · Hard

Passage: 'The honeybee's waggle dance is a remarkable example of symbolic communication in non-human animals. Unlike the simple round dance, which merely indicates nearby food, the waggle dance conveys both direction and distance.' Why does the author mention the round dance?

A) To argue that the round dance is superior
B) To contrast it with the waggle dance and highlight the waggle dance's complexity
C) To explain how bees find food
D) To criticize early researchers

答案：B). The round dance is mentioned as a contrast ("Unlike...") to emphasize the waggle dance's greater complexity.

Q29 【RD-1a】 · TOEFL Reading · Detail · Easy

Passage: 'The water cycle consists of three main stages: evaporation, in which water turns to vapor; condensation, in which vapor forms clouds; and precipitation, in which water returns to the surface as rain or snow.' According to the passage, what happens during condensation?

A) Water turns to vapor
B) Vapor forms clouds
C) Water returns as rain
D) Water freezes into ice

答案：B). The passage explicitly defines condensation as the stage in which vapor forms clouds.

Q30 【RD-TOP-1m】 · TOEFL Reading · Main Idea · Medium

Passage: 'Symbiotic relationships take many forms in nature. In mutualism, both species benefit, as seen in bees and flowers. In commensalism, one benefits while the other is unaffected, like barnacles on whales. In parasitism, one benefits at the other's expense, as with ticks on mammals.' What is the main idea of the passage?

A) Bees and flowers depend on each other.
B) Parasites harm their hosts.
C) Symbiotic relationships exist in three main forms with different effects on each species.
D) Barnacles are harmless to whales.

答案：C). The passage classifies symbiotic relationships into three types and explains each, making this the overarching main idea.

Q31 【RD-1g】 · TOEFL Reading · Sentence Simplification · Medium

Passage: 'Although the initial experiment yielded results that appeared to contradict the established theory, subsequent replications demonstrated that the anomaly was attributable to a flaw in the experimental apparatus.' Which best simplifies this sentence?

A) The experiment disproved the established theory.
B) Later replications showed the contradictory result was caused by faulty equipment.
C) The experiment was perfectly designed.
D) The anomaly confirmed the theory.

答案：B). "Subsequent replications" = later replications; "attributable to a flaw in the experimental apparatus" = caused by faulty equipment.

Q32 【RD-1d】 · TOEFL Reading · Author's Purpose · Hard

Passage: 'Many historians describe the fall of Rome as a sudden collapse. In reality, the process unfolded over centuries, with the Eastern Empire enduring nearly a thousand years longer than the West.' Why does the author include the second sentence?

A) To support the common view of a sudden collapse
B) To correct a common misconception about the speed of Rome's decline
C) To praise the Eastern Empire's military
D) To compare Rome and Greece

答案：B). The phrase "In reality" signals a correction to the preceding common description of a "sudden collapse."

Q6 【L-2c】 · TOEFL Listening · Detail · Medium

[Audio transcript excerpt] Professor: 'So, the key takeaway here is that the Roman aqueduct system wasn't just about moving water—it was a statement of engineering power and civic pride.' What does the professor emphasize about the aqueducts?

A) They were poorly constructed
B) They served only practical purposes
C) They were symbols of engineering and civic pride
D) They were built by slaves

答案：C). The professor explicitly states they were "a statement of engineering power and civic pride."

Q7 【L-2e】 · TOEFL Listening · Attitude · Hard

[Audio transcript] Student: 'I thought the exam was... well, let's just say I'm glad it's over.' What is the student's attitude toward the exam?

A) Enthusiastic
B) Relieved it's over, implying difficulty
C) Angry
D) Indifferent

答案：B). The hesitation and "glad it's over" suggest the exam was difficult but the student is relieved.

Q14 【L-2a】 · TOEFL Listening · Main Idea · Medium

[Audio] Professor: 'Today we'll explore how the printing press didn't just spread information—it fundamentally restructured European society, from religion to science to politics.' What is the main topic?

A) How printing works
B) The social impact of the printing press
C) European religion
D) The history of books

答案：B). The professor frames the lecture around the printing press restructuring society.

Q15 【L-2f】 · TOEFL Listening · Organization · Hard

[Audio] Professor: 'First, let's look at the causes. Then we'll examine the effects. Finally, we'll discuss modern parallels.' How is the lecture organized?

A) Chronological
B) Cause-effect-parallel
C) Problem-solution
D) Compare-contrast
E) Random

答案：B) Cause-effect-parallel, as explicitly stated by the professor's sequence.

Q33 【L-2a】 · TOEFL Listening · Main Idea · Easy

[Audio] Professor: 'Today's lecture focuses on the life cycle of stars. We'll trace how a cloud of gas becomes a star, how stars spend most of their lives, and what happens when they run out of fuel.' What is the main topic of the lecture?

A) The formation of gas clouds
B) The complete life cycle of stars
C) Why stars run out of fuel
D) Different types of stars

答案：B). The professor explicitly states the lecture "focuses on the life cycle of stars" from formation to death.

Q34 【L-2c】 · TOEFL Listening · Detail · Easy

[Audio] Professor: 'The French Revolution began in 1789 with the storming of the Bastille on July 14th. This event is now celebrated annually as France's national holiday.' According to the professor, when did the French Revolution begin?

A) 1776
B) 1789
C) 1799
D) 1812

答案：B) 1789. Stated directly by the professor.

Q35 【L-2b】 · TOEFL Listening · Purpose · Medium

[Audio] Student visits professor during office hours: 'Professor, I wanted to ask about the essay deadline. I have a family event this weekend, so I was wondering if I could get an extension.' Why does the student visit the professor?

A) To discuss the essay topic
B) To ask for an extension on the essay
C) To drop the class
D) To complain about the workload

答案：B). The student explicitly asks "if I could get an extension" due to a family event.

Q36 【L-2e】 · TOEFL Listening · Attitude · Medium

[Audio] Professor: 'Well, the new policy is... interesting. It certainly addresses some concerns, though I suspect it will create a few new ones.' What is the professor's attitude toward the new policy?

A) Strongly supportive
B) Cautious and somewhat skeptical
C) Completely opposed
D) Uninterested

答案：B). The hesitation on "interesting" and the prediction that it "will create a few new" concerns indicate cautious skepticism.

Q37 【L-2f】 · TOEFL Listening · Organization · Medium

[Audio] Professor: 'Let's compare two approaches to waste management. First, I'll describe landfills. Then, I'll describe incineration. Finally, we'll weigh the advantages and disadvantages of each.' How is the lecture organized?

A) Chronological by date
B) Compare-contrast
C) Cause and effect
D) Problem-solution

答案：B) Compare-contrast. The professor explicitly compares two approaches and weighs their pros and cons.

Q38 【L-2g】 · TOEFL Listening · Connecting Content · Hard

[Audio] Professor: 'Cold fronts bring sudden temperature drops, heavy rain, and strong winds. Warm fronts cause gradual warming with light, prolonged rain. When a cold front catches up to a warm front, an occluded front forms, combining features of both.' Based on the lecture, which combination correctly matches each front type to its weather pattern?

A) Cold front → gradual warming; Warm front → sudden temperature drop; Occluded → combination
B) Cold front → sudden temperature drop and heavy rain; Warm front → gradual warming and light rain; Occluded → combination
C) Cold front → light prolonged rain; Warm front → strong winds; Occluded → no rain
D) All three fronts produce identical weather

答案：B). Each front type is matched to its described weather pattern from the lecture.

Q39 【L-2c】 · TOEFL Listening · Inference · Hard

[Audio] Student: 'I've reread your comments three times, and I think I finally understand what you mean about my thesis statement.' Professor: 'Well, better late than never.' What can be inferred about the professor's response?

A) The professor is pleased the student understood immediately.
B) The professor feels the student took longer than expected to grasp the feedback.
C) The professor has not read the student's work.
D) The professor disagrees with the student.

答案：B). "Better late than never" implies the professor thinks the understanding came later than it should have.

Q40 【L-2d】 · TOEFL Listening · Function · Medium

[Audio] Student: 'So the experiment only used five participants?' Professor: 'Think about it this way: would you trust a medical study with only five patients?' What is the function of the professor's response?

A) To confirm that five participants is sufficient
B) To gently point out that the sample size is too small by drawing an analogy
C) To change the topic to medicine
D) To praise the student's observation

答案：B). The rhetorical question uses a medical analogy to imply the sample size is inadequate without directly criticizing.

Q8 【SPK-3a】 · TOEFL Speaking · Task 1 · Independent · Easy

Some people prefer to live in small towns, while others prefer big cities. Which do you prefer and why? You have 15 seconds to prepare and 45 seconds to speak.

口语提示：State preference clearly in 5 seconds. Give 2 reasons with brief examples in 35 seconds. Conclude in 5 seconds. Aim for ~100 words.

Q16 【SPK-3b】 · TOEFL Speaking · Task 2 · Integrated · Medium

Read a campus announcement about a new policy (45 sec). Listen to two students discussing it (90 sec). State the woman's opinion and explain her reasons. (60 sec).

口语提示：Structure: Opinion (5 sec) → Reason 1 + detail (25 sec) → Reason 2 + detail (25 sec) → Brief conclusion (5 sec).

Q17 【SPK-3d】 · TOEFL Speaking · Task 4 · Integrated · Hard

Listen to a lecture about animal camouflage (90 sec). Explain two types of camouflage discussed. (60 sec).

口语提示：Structure: Intro (5 sec) → Type 1 + example (25 sec) → Type 2 + example (25 sec) → Conclusion (5 sec).

Q41 【SPK-3a】 · TOEFL Speaking · Task 1 Preferences · Easy

Some people prefer to study in the morning, while others prefer to study at night. Which do you prefer, and why? You have 15 seconds to prepare and 45 seconds to speak.

口语提示：State your preference in the first sentence. Give one strong reason with a personal example. Mention a brief counterpoint if time allows. Aim for ~100 words, steady pace, clear pronunciation.

Q42 【SPK-3a】 · TOEFL Speaking · Task 1 Agree/Disagree · Medium

Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? 'Students should be required to learn a second language in school.' Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer. 15 sec prep, 45 sec speak.

口语提示：Choose one side clearly. State agreement or disagreement in sentence 1. Give 2 reasons in sentences 2-3 with brief examples. Conclude in the final sentence. Avoid "I think" repetition.

Q43 【SPK-3c】 · TOEFL Speaking · Task 3 Integrated Concept · Hard

Read a short passage defining the psychological concept of 'confirmation bias' (45 sec). Then listen to a lecture where the professor gives an example of a manager who only notices evidence supporting his hiring decision (90 sec). Explain how the example illustrates confirmation bias. (60 sec).

口语提示：Structure: Define the concept in 1-2 sentences (10 sec) → Summarize the professor's example (35 sec) → Connect the example back to the concept (15 sec). Use phrases like "The professor illustrates this by..." and "This shows that..."

Q44 【SPK-3d】 · TOEFL Speaking · Task 4 Lecture Summary · Hard

Listen to a lecture about two strategies animals use to conserve energy during food scarcity: hibernation and torpor (90 sec). Explain the two strategies and how they differ. (60 sec).

口语提示：Structure: Intro stating the topic (5 sec) → Strategy 1 (hibernation) with key details (25 sec) → Strategy 2 (torpor) with key details (25 sec) → Brief contrast (5 sec). Use signal words: "The first strategy is...", "In contrast, the second..."

Q3 【WR-4b】 · TOEFL Writing · Independent (Practice Prompt) · Medium

Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? 'It is better to study alone than to study in a group.' Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer.

写作提示：Aim for 300+ words. Structure: Introduction (thesis) → 2-3 body paragraphs (each with a clear reason + example) → Conclusion (restate thesis). Spend 3-5 min planning, 20 min writing, 3 min reviewing.

Q9 【WR-4a】 · TOEFL Writing · Integrated · Hard

Read a passage about the benefits of remote work (200 words, 3 min). Then listen to a lecture that challenges each point (2 min). Write a 150-225 word summary of how the lecture challenges the reading.

写作提示：Structure: Intro (1 sentence: the lecture challenges the reading) → 3 body paragraphs (each: reading's claim → lecture's counter) → No conclusion needed. Use reporting verbs: "The professor argues...", "According to the reading...".

Q18 【WR-4b】 · TOEFL Writing · Independent · Medium

Do you agree or disagree? 'Technology has made children less creative.' Use specific reasons and examples.

写作提示：Choose a clear position. If disagree: technology enables creativity (digital art, coding, music production). Aim for 300+ words, 4 paragraphs.

Q19 【WR-4b】 · TOEFL Writing · Independent · Hard

Some people prefer to learn from books. Others prefer to learn from experience. Which do you prefer?

写作提示：This is a preference question. Balance both sides but take a clear stance. Use personal examples to support.

Q20 【WR-4b】 · TOEFL Writing · Grammar Tip · Easy

Identify the error: 'Each of the students have a textbook.'

A) Each
B) have
C) a
D) textbook

答案：B) have → has. "Each" is singular, so the verb must be "has."

Q45 【WR-4a】 · TOEFL Writing · Integrated Reading+Lecture · Hard

Read a passage arguing that the extinction of the dinosaurs was caused primarily by volcanic activity (250 words, 3 min). Then listen to a lecture that presents evidence supporting the asteroid-impact hypothesis and refutes each volcanic point (2 min). Write a 150-225 word summary explaining how the lecture challenges the reading.

写作提示：Open with one sentence stating the lecture opposes the reading. Then write 3 paragraphs, each: (1) what the reading claims, (2) what the professor says in response. Do NOT give your opinion. Use verbs like "contends," "asserts," "counters."

Q46 【WR-4b】 · TOEFL Writing · Independent Agree/Disagree · Medium

Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? 'Successful people are those who take risks.' Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer. (30 min, 300+ words)

写作提示：Take a clear stance. If agree: cite entrepreneurs, explorers. If disagree: argue preparation and persistence matter more. Structure: Intro (thesis) → 2-3 body paragraphs with examples → Conclusion. Vary sentence structure.

Q47 【WR-4b】 · TOEFL Writing · Independent Preference · Medium

Some people prefer to spend their free time outdoors. Others prefer to spend it indoors. Which do you prefer? Use specific reasons and examples. (30 min, 300+ words)

写作提示：State preference clearly in the introduction. Give 2-3 reasons with personal examples. Acknowledge the other side briefly. Conclude by restating your preference. Use transitions: "First," "Furthermore," "On the other hand."

Q48 【WR-4b】 · TOEFL Writing · Independent Compare · Hard

Compare the advantages of living in a small town with those of living in a large city. Which do you find more appealing? Use specific reasons and examples. (30 min, 300+ words)

写作提示：This requires genuine comparison. Dedicate one body paragraph to small-town advantages (community, quiet), one to city advantages (opportunity, culture), then state your preference with reasoning. Avoid listing without analysis.

Q49 【WR-4b】 · TOEFL Writing · Grammar MCQ · Easy

Choose the correct sentence:

A) Neither the manager nor the employees was aware of the change.
B) Neither the manager nor the employees were aware of the change.
C) Neither the manager or the employees were aware of the change.
D) Neither the manager nor the employees is aware of the change.

答案：B). With "neither...nor," the verb agrees with the nearer subject ("employees," which is plural). "Or" is incorrect; "nor" is required.

Q50 【WR-4b】 · TOEFL Writing · Grammar MCQ · Medium

Identify the sentence with correct punctuation:

A) The report which was due yesterday, is finally complete.
B) The report, which was due yesterday, is finally complete.
C) The report, which was due yesterday is finally complete.
D) The report which was due yesterday is finally, complete.

答案：B). "Which was due yesterday" is a non-restrictive clause and must be set off by commas on both sides. The other options misplace or omit commas.

Q51 【RD-1e】 · TOEFL Reading · Vocabulary in Context · Easy

Passage: 'Mitochondria are often called the "powerhouses" of the cell because they generate the bulk of the cell's supply of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), the molecule that powers cellular activities.' The word 'bulk' in the passage is closest in meaning to:

A) minority
B) majority
C) waste
D) source

答案：B) majority. "The bulk of" means the largest portion or majority of something.

Q52 【RD-1a】 · TOEFL Reading · Detail · Easy

Passage: 'The Silk Road was an ancient network of trade routes connecting the East and West, stretching from China through Central Asia to the Mediterranean. It facilitated not only the trade of silk and spices but also the exchange of ideas, religions, and technologies.' According to the passage, the Silk Road connected:

A) Only China and India
B) China to the Mediterranean via Central Asia
C) Europe and Africa
D) Only coastal cities

答案：B). The passage explicitly states it stretched "from China through Central Asia to the Mediterranean."

Q53 【RD-1b】 · TOEFL Reading · Negative Factual · Medium

Passage: 'Earthquakes occur most frequently along tectonic plate boundaries, particularly around the Pacific Ring of Fire. They are caused by the sudden release of energy from sliding or colliding plates. Deeper earthquakes tend to cause less surface damage but are felt over wider areas.' According to the passage, all of the following are true of earthquakes EXCEPT:

A) They are most common at plate boundaries
B) They release energy suddenly
C) Deeper earthquakes always cause more surface damage
D) The Pacific Ring of Fire is a high-activity zone

答案：C). The passage states deeper earthquakes cause LESS surface damage, not more.

Q54 【RD-1c】 · TOEFL Reading · Inference · Medium

Passage: 'Mars today is a cold, arid planet with a thin atmosphere. However, geological evidence—dried river valleys, mineral deposits only formed in water, and ancient lakebeds—suggests that billions of years ago, liquid water flowed freely on its surface.' It can be inferred that:

A) Mars has always been dry
B) Mars once had conditions that could support liquid water
C) Water on Mars disappeared within the last century
D) There is no evidence of water ever existing on Mars

答案：B). The geological evidence implies Mars once had conditions allowing liquid water to flow.

Q55 【RD-1d】 · TOEFL Reading · Rhetorical Purpose · Medium

Passage: 'Voter turnout in many democracies has declined in recent decades. Some analysts blame political apathy, but others point to systemic barriers: complex registration procedures, limited polling hours, and restrictive identification laws.' Why does the author mention 'systemic barriers'?

A) To support the view that apathy is the main cause
B) To offer an alternative explanation for declining turnout
C) To argue that voting should be mandatory
D) To praise recent electoral reforms

答案：B). The author contrasts "apathy" with "systemic barriers" as an alternative cause for low turnout.

Q56 【RD-1f】 · TOEFL Reading · Reference · Easy

Passage: 'Gravity is the force that attracts objects with mass toward one another. It is what keeps the planets orbiting the Sun and gives objects their weight on Earth. Without it, the universe as we know it could not exist.' The word 'it' in the third sentence refers to:

A) The Sun
B) The universe
C) Gravity
D) Earth

答案：C) Gravity. The pronoun "it" refers to the subject of the previous sentences, which is gravity.

Q57 【RD-1g】 · TOEFL Reading · Sentence Simplification · Medium

Passage: 'Baroque art, which flourished in 17th-century Europe, is characterized by dramatic use of light and shadow, intense emotional expression, and a sense of movement that contrasts sharply with the balanced restraint of the preceding Renaissance style.' Which best simplifies this sentence?

A) Baroque art was similar to Renaissance art in its balance.
B) Baroque art, unlike the more restrained Renaissance style, used dramatic light, emotion, and movement.
C) Renaissance art was more emotional than Baroque art.
D) Baroque art had no defining characteristics.

答案：B). Captures the contrast with Renaissance restraint and Baroque's dramatic qualities.

Q58 【RD-1h】 · TOEFL Reading · Insert Text · Medium

Passage: '[1] The printing press reached Europe in the 15th century. [2] Johannes Gutenberg improved the design with movable metal type. [3] This innovation drastically reduced the cost of book production. [4] As a result, literacy rates across Europe began to rise.' Where does this sentence best fit: 'However, the technology had originated in China centuries earlier.'?

A) After [1]
B) After [2]
C) After [3]
D) After [4]

答案：A) After [1]. The "However" contrasts with the European arrival mentioned in [1], and the Chinese origin fits logically before Gutenberg's improvements.

Q59 【RD-1i】 · TOEFL Reading · Prose Summary · Hard

Passage (abridged): 'Cell theory, developed in the 19th century, established that all living organisms are composed of cells, the cell is the basic unit of life, and all cells arise from pre-existing cells. This unified biology by providing a common framework. Schleiden and Schwann first formulated the theory, while Virchow later added the principle of cell division. The discovery also advanced medicine by linking diseases to cellular dysfunction.' Which three statements best express the most important ideas? (Choose 3)

A) Schleiden was the sole discoverer of cell theory.
B) Cell theory established three core principles about cells and life.
C) The theory provided a unifying framework for biology.
D) All cells arise spontaneously from non-living matter.
E) Cell theory advanced medicine by linking disease to cellular dysfunction.
F) Virchow disproved the existence of cells.

答案：B, C, E. These capture the three core principles, unifying impact, and medical significance. A is wrong (Schwann co-developed), D contradicts the theory, F is false.

Q60 【RD-1j】 · TOEFL Reading · Table Completion · Hard

Passage: 'Animals are classified into vertebrates and invertebrates. Vertebrates, including mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians, and fish, have backbones. Invertebrates, such as insects, mollusks, and arachnids, lack backbones but make up over 95% of all animal species.' Complete the table by matching each animal to its correct classification:

A) Mammals → Vertebrate; Insects → Invertebrate; Reptiles → Invertebrate; Mollusks → Invertebrate
B) Mammals → Vertebrate; Insects → Invertebrate; Reptiles → Vertebrate; Mollusks → Invertebrate
C) Mammals → Invertebrate; Insects → Vertebrate; Reptiles → Vertebrate; Mollusks → Invertebrate
D) Mammals → Vertebrate; Insects → Vertebrate; Reptiles → Vertebrate; Mollusks → Vertebrate

答案：B). Mammals and reptiles are vertebrates; insects and mollusks are invertebrates.

Q61 【RD-TOP-1k】 · TOEFL Reading · Main Idea · Medium

Passage: 'The Silk Road was not a single road but a vast network of interconnected trade routes. Merchants rarely traveled its entire length; instead, goods changed hands many times at trading posts along the way. The network fostered not only commercial exchange but also cultural, religious, and technological diffusion between distant civilizations.' What is the main idea of the passage?

A) The Silk Road was a single road from China to Rome.
B) Merchants traveled the entire Silk Road themselves.
C) The Silk Road was a complex trade network that enabled both commercial and cultural exchange.
D) The Silk Road carried only silk and spices.

答案：C). The passage emphasizes the network's complexity and its role in both commercial and cultural exchange.

Q62 【RD-1d】 · TOEFL Reading · Author's Purpose · Hard

Passage: 'Public education systems were initially designed to produce literate workers for industrial economies. Critics argue that little has changed: schools still emphasize rote memorization and standardized testing over creativity and critical thinking, even as the modern economy demands adaptability and innovation.' Why does the author mention 'rote memorization and standardized testing'?

A) To praise the effectiveness of modern schooling
B) To illustrate why schools remain outdated relative to economic needs
C) To argue that testing should be expanded
D) To describe industrial-era teaching methods as ideal

答案：B). The author uses these examples to show schools remain stuck in outdated industrial-era methods.

Q63 【RD-TOP-1l】 · TOEFL Reading · Organization · Medium

Passage: 'Impressionism emerged in France in the 1860s as a radical departure from academic painting. Impressionist painters rejected historical subjects and studio techniques. Instead, they worked outdoors, capturing fleeting effects of light and atmosphere. They favored everyday scenes—cafés, gardens, riversides—over grand narratives. The movement influenced countless later artists.' How is the passage organized?

A) Chronological timeline of artists
B) Definition, characteristics, examples, influence
C) Compare-contrast of two movements
D) Problem and solution

答案：B). The passage defines Impressionism, describes its characteristics, gives examples of subjects, and notes its influence.

Q64 【RD-1d】 · TOEFL Reading · Function · Medium

Passage: 'Newton's laws of motion transformed physics by providing a unified mathematical framework for understanding movement. For over two centuries, they accurately described everything from falling apples to planetary orbits. Yet they could not explain phenomena at very high speeds or very small scales—limitations that would eventually require Einstein's relativity and quantum mechanics.' What is the function of the last sentence?

A) To dismiss Newton's contributions as wrong
B) To acknowledge the limits of Newton's laws and set up later scientific developments
C) To praise Einstein above Newton
D) To explain how apples fall

答案：B). The sentence acknowledges limitations and transitions to the theories that replaced Newtonian physics in certain domains.

Q65 【RD-1e】 · TOEFL Reading · Vocabulary (Academic) · Hard

Passage: 'Astronomers use stellar parallax—the apparent shift in a star's position when viewed from different points in Earth's orbit—to calculate distances to nearby stars. The smaller the parallax angle, the more distant the star.' The word 'parallax' in this context refers to:

A) A star's actual brightness
B) An apparent positional shift used to measure distance
C) A type of telescope
D) The speed of a star's movement

答案：B). The passage defines parallax as the apparent shift in position used to calculate stellar distances.

Q66 【RD-1a】 · TOEFL Reading · Detail · Medium

Passage: 'DNA, or deoxyribonucleic acid, carries the genetic instructions for the development and functioning of all known living organisms. Its structure—a double helix discovered by Watson and Crick in 1953—consists of two strands wound around each other, connected by pairs of nitrogenous bases: adenine with thymine, and guanine with cytosine.' According to the passage, which base pairs with adenine?

A) Guanine
B) Cytosine
C) Thymine
D) Uracil

答案：C) Thymine. The passage explicitly states "adenine with thymine" as a base pair.

Q67 【RD-1b】 · TOEFL Reading · Negative Factual · Hard

Passage: 'Volcanoes form at three main settings: divergent boundaries where plates pull apart, convergent boundaries where one plate subducts beneath another, and hot spots where mantle plumes rise independently of plate boundaries. The Ring of Fire, encircling the Pacific, is dominated by convergent-boundary volcanoes. Hot-spot volcanism, such as Hawaii, occurs in the middle of plates.' According to the passage, all of the following are volcano-forming settings EXCEPT:

A) Divergent boundaries
B) Convergent boundaries
C) Transform boundaries (plates sliding past each other)
D) Hot spots

答案：C). The passage lists divergent, convergent, and hot spot settings but not transform boundaries.

Q68 【RD-1c】 · TOEFL Reading · Inference · Hard

Passage: 'The construction of the Egyptian pyramids has long puzzled archaeologists. The largest, the Great Pyramid of Giza, contains over 2 million stone blocks, some weighing 80 tons. No written records survive detailing the methods used, and the precision of alignment with cardinal directions remains remarkable even by modern standards.' It can be inferred that:

A) The Egyptians left detailed construction manuals
B) The engineering techniques used remain partially mysterious
C) The pyramids were easy to build
D) Modern builders could easily replicate the precision

答案：B). "No written records survive" and the alignment "remains remarkable" imply the methods are still partly unknown.

Q69 【RD-1d】 · TOEFL Reading · Rhetorical Purpose · Hard

Passage: 'Cubism, pioneered by Picasso and Braque, shattered the Renaissance tradition of single-point perspective. Instead of presenting a single viewpoint, Cubist works depicted objects from multiple angles simultaneously, fragmenting them into geometric facets. This radical approach questioned the very nature of visual representation.' Why does the author mention 'single-point perspective'?

A) To argue that single-point perspective is superior
B) To provide the tradition that Cubism broke away from
C) To praise Picasso's drawing skills
D) To explain how cameras work

答案：B). Single-point perspective is mentioned as the Renaissance tradition that Cubism deliberately rejected.

Q70 【RD-1f】 · TOEFL Reading · Reference · Medium

Passage: 'In photosynthesis, plants absorb sunlight using chlorophyll, the green pigment in their leaves. This energy drives a chemical reaction converting carbon dioxide and water into glucose and oxygen. The glucose fuels the plant's growth, while the oxygen is released into the atmosphere.' The word 'This' in the second sentence refers to:

A) Carbon dioxide
B) The plant's growth
C) The absorbed sunlight energy
D) Glucose

答案：C). "This energy" refers to the sunlight absorbed by chlorophyll in the previous sentence.

Q71 【RD-1g】 · TOEFL Reading · Sentence Simplification · Hard

Passage: 'Notwithstanding the conventional wisdom that free markets invariably allocate resources more efficiently than centralized planning, empirical evidence suggests that certain sectors—such as healthcare and infrastructure—may benefit from a measure of government intervention to correct market failures.' Which best simplifies this sentence?

A) Free markets always outperform government planning in every sector.
B) Despite the belief that free markets are always more efficient, evidence shows some sectors may benefit from government intervention.
C) Government intervention is always better than free markets.
D) Healthcare and infrastructure should be fully nationalized.

答案：B). "Notwithstanding" = despite; "conventional wisdom" = common belief; the simplification preserves the contrast and the exception.

Q72 【RD-1h】 · TOEFL Reading · Insert Text · Hard

Passage: '[1] Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection proposed that species change over generations. [2] Individuals with advantageous traits survive and reproduce more successfully. [3] Over vast time periods, these small changes accumulate, producing new species. [4] The theory revolutionized biology.' Where does this sentence best fit: 'This process requires extraordinarily long timescales to produce major changes.'?

A) After [1]
B) After [2]
C) After [3]
D) After [4]

答案：C) After [3]. The sentence elaborates on the "vast time periods" mentioned in [3] before the broader impact in [4].

Q73 【RD-1i】 · TOEFL Reading · Prose Summary · Hard

Passage (abridged): 'Galaxies are massive systems of stars, gas, dust, and dark matter bound by gravity. They come in three main types: spiral galaxies like the Milky Way, with rotating disk shapes and central bulges; elliptical galaxies, ranging from spherical to elongated shapes; and irregular galaxies, lacking defined structure. Most galaxies are part of groups or clusters, and the observable universe contains over two trillion of them.' Which three statements best express the most important ideas? (Choose 3)

A) Galaxies consist of stars, gas, dust, and dark matter bound by gravity.
B) The Milky Way is the largest galaxy in the universe.
C) Galaxies are classified into three main structural types.
D) Most galaxies exist within groups or clusters, and the universe contains trillions.
E) Spiral galaxies are the rarest type.
F) Dark matter has been completely explained.

答案：A, C, D. These capture composition, classification, and distribution. B is unsupported, E is not stated, F is false.

Q74 【RD-1j】 · TOEFL Reading · Table Completion · Medium

Passage: 'The American Revolution (1775-1783) secured independence from Britain. The French Revolution (1789-1799) overthrew the monarchy and established a republic. The Russian Revolution (1917) replaced the tsarist regime with communist rule.' Complete the table by matching each revolution to its outcome:

A) American → monarchy; French → independence; Russian → communism
B) American → independence; French → republic; Russian → communism
C) American → communism; French → monarchy; Russian → independence
D) American → republic; French → independence; Russian → monarchy

答案：B). American Revolution → independence; French → republic; Russian → communism, as directly stated.

Q75 【RD-TOP-1n】 · TOEFL Reading · Main Idea · Hard

Passage: 'Climate change refers to long-term shifts in global temperatures and weather patterns. While such shifts have occurred naturally throughout Earth's history, the rapid warming observed since the mid-20th century is overwhelmingly attributed to human activities, particularly the burning of fossil fuels, which releases greenhouse gases that trap heat in the atmosphere. The consequences include rising sea levels, more frequent extreme weather, and disruptions to ecosystems and agriculture.' What is the main idea of the passage?

A) Climate change is purely a natural phenomenon.
B) Recent climate change is mainly driven by human activity and has wide-ranging consequences.
C) Greenhouse gases have no measurable effect.
D) Sea levels have always risen at the current rate.

答案：B). The passage distinguishes natural historical change from recent human-caused warming and its consequences.

Q76 【RD-1d】 · TOEFL Reading · Author's Purpose · Medium

Passage: 'The Renaissance is often celebrated as a period of artistic and intellectual rebirth. Yet this narrative overlooks that the period also saw intensified warfare, religious persecution, and the exclusion of women and minorities from the era's opportunities.' Why does the author include the second sentence?

A) To support the traditional celebration of the Renaissance
B) To complicate the idealized view by acknowledging darker aspects
C) To argue the Renaissance never happened
D) To praise religious persecution

答案：B). "Yet this narrative overlooks" signals a counterpoint complicating the celebratory view.

Q77 【RD-1e】 · TOEFL Reading · Vocabulary in Context · Medium

Passage: 'Over millions of years, sediment—sand, silt, and the remains of organisms—accumulates on the ocean floor. The weight of successive layers compresses lower layers, gradually cementing them into sedimentary rock.' The word 'successive' in the passage is closest in meaning to:

A) random
B) following one after another
C) rare
D) parallel

答案：B). "Successive" means following one after another in sequence.

Q78 【RD-1a】 · TOEFL Reading · Detail · Hard

Passage: 'Cognitive dissonance, first described by psychologist Leon Festinger in 1957, refers to the mental discomfort experienced when a person holds two or more contradictory beliefs, values, or attitudes. To reduce this discomfort, individuals may change their beliefs, seek confirming information, or avoid contradictory evidence—patterns that help explain phenomena from cult behavior to political polarization.' According to the passage, which of the following is NOT a strategy people use to reduce cognitive dissonance?

A) Changing their beliefs
B) Seeking confirming information
C) Avoiding contradictory evidence
D) Embracing the contradiction without discomfort

答案：D). The passage lists changing beliefs, seeking confirming information, and avoiding contradictory evidence—but not embracing contradiction, which would sustain discomfort.

Q79 【L-2a】 · TOEFL Listening · Main Idea · Easy

[Audio] Professor: 'Today's lecture examines Gothic architecture, focusing on three innovations that made the soaring cathedrals of medieval Europe possible: the pointed arch, the ribbed vault, and the flying buttress.' What is the main topic of the lecture?

A) The history of medieval Europe
B) Three architectural innovations of Gothic cathedrals
C) How to build a cathedral
D) The fall of the Roman Empire

答案：B). The professor explicitly identifies three Gothic innovations as the lecture's focus.

Q80 【L-2c】 · TOEFL Listening · Detail · Medium

[Audio] Professor: 'Hummingbirds have the highest metabolism of any warm-blooded animal. Their hearts can beat up to 1,200 times per minute during flight, and they must feed every 10 to 15 minutes to avoid starvation.' According to the professor, how often must hummingbirds feed?

A) Every hour
B) Every 10 to 15 minutes
C) Once a day
D) Every 2 hours

答案：B) Every 10 to 15 minutes. Stated directly by the professor.

Q81 【L-2b】 · TOEFL Listening · Purpose · Medium

[Audio] Student during office hours: 'Professor Lee, I'm thinking about writing my term paper on the economic causes of the French Revolution, but I'm not sure if the sources are accessible. Could you suggest where I should start?' Why does the student visit the professor?

A) To submit a finished paper
B) To get advice on a potential paper topic and starting sources
C) To complain about the assignment
D) To drop the course

答案：B). The student is exploring a topic and asking for source recommendations before committing.

Q82 【L-2e】 · TOEFL Listening · Attitude · Hard

[Audio] Professor: 'Quantum mechanics is, frankly, one of the strangest theories ever validated. It defies everyday intuition—particles behaving as waves, cats that are simultaneously alive and dead. And yet, it has withstood every experimental test for nearly a century.' What is the professor's attitude toward quantum mechanics?

A) Skeptical of its validity
B) Awed by its strangeness yet respectful of its experimental confirmation
C) Bored by the topic
D) Critical of its experimental methods

答案：B). "Strangest theories" plus "withstood every experimental test" shows awe combined with respect for its confirmation.

Q83 【L-2f】 · TOEFL Listening · Organization · Medium

[Audio] Professor: 'Let's trace the development of human societies through three stages. First, hunter-gatherer bands of 20 to 50 people. Second, agricultural settlements that grew into villages and cities. Third, industrial societies marked by mechanized production and urbanization.' How is the lecture organized?

A) Cause and effect
B) Problem and solution
C) Chronological stages of societal development
D) Compare and contrast two cultures

答案：C). The professor organizes the lecture as a sequence of three historical stages of societal development.

Q84 【L-2g】 · TOEFL Listening · Connecting Content · Hard

[Audio] Professor: 'In a healthy forest ecosystem, trees, fungi, and soil bacteria interact in complex ways. Mycorrhizal fungi attach to tree roots, helping them absorb water and minerals. In return, trees supply the fungi with sugars from photosynthesis. Soil bacteria decompose fallen leaves, returning nutrients to the soil that both trees and fungi depend on. Disrupt any link, and the entire system suffers.' Based on the lecture, which relationship correctly describes the exchange between trees and mycorrhizal fungi?

A) Trees provide water; fungi provide sugars
B) Fungi provide water and minerals; trees provide sugars
C) Both compete for the same soil nutrients
D) Fungi harm the trees by stealing sugars

答案：B). The professor describes a mutual exchange: fungi help with water/minerals, trees provide sugars.

Q85 【L-2c】 · TOEFL Listening · Inference · Hard

[Audio] Professor: 'Opera in 19th-century Italy was, in a sense, the popular entertainment of its day—attended by all classes, discussed in newspapers, with arias whistled in the streets. The stars of the era were as famous as today's pop singers.' What can be inferred about 19th-century Italian opera?

A) It was attended only by the aristocracy.
B) It was a widespread popular entertainment with broad cultural influence.
C) It was unknown to ordinary people.
D) It was unpopular with newspapers.

答案：B). "Attended by all classes," "whistled in the streets," and "famous as today's pop singers" imply broad popular influence.

Q86 【L-2d】 · TOEFL Listening · Function · Medium

[Audio] Librarian: 'You said you need a quiet study space? Well, the third floor has individual carrels, and they're almost always empty in the mornings.' What is the function of the librarian's statement?

A) To scold the student for asking
B) To suggest a suitable study location
C) To announce the library is closing
D) To require a reservation fee

答案：B). The librarian offers the third-floor carrels as a practical solution to the student's need.

Q87 【L-2a】 · TOEFL Listening · Main Idea · Medium

[Audio] Professor: 'Today we begin our unit on thermodynamics. We'll start with the first law—energy is conserved—then move to the second law—entropy always increases—and finally discuss how these laws set fundamental limits on engines, refrigerators, and even life itself.' What is the main topic?

A) How to build engines
B) The two laws of thermodynamics and their implications
C) The history of refrigeration
D) The definition of entropy

答案：B). The professor frames the lecture around the two laws and their broad implications.

Q88 【L-2c】 · TOEFL Listening · Detail · Easy

[Audio] Professor: 'Adam Smith's 1776 work "The Wealth of Nations" argued that individuals pursuing their own self-interest, in competitive markets, tend to promote the general welfare—an idea often called the "invisible hand."' According to the professor, what year was "The Wealth of Nations" published?

A) 1492
B) 1620
C) 1776
D) 1812

答案：C) 1776. Stated directly by the professor.

Q89 【L-2b】 · TOEFL Listening · Purpose · Hard

[Audio] Student: 'Professor, I'm applying to graduate school and wondered if you might be willing to write me a letter of recommendation. I took your seminar on modern poetry last semester, and I think my final paper was one of my strongest.' Why does the student visit the professor?

A) To discuss poetry in general
B) To request a letter of recommendation for graduate school
C) To challenge a grade
D) To drop the seminar

答案：B). The student explicitly asks the professor to write a recommendation letter for graduate school.

Q90 【L-2e】 · TOEFL Listening · Attitude · Medium

[Audio] Professor: 'Rodin's "The Thinker" is often reproduced as a solitary intellectual pose. But in its original context, it was part of a larger work depicting Dante's Inferno—the figure contemplating damnation, not abstract philosophy.' What is the professor's attitude toward common interpretations of "The Thinker"?

A) Enthusiastic agreement
B) Mild correction, suggesting common interpretations miss the original context
C) Strong condemnation
D) Indifference

答案：B). The professor gently corrects the popular reading by supplying the original context.

Q91 【L-2f】 · TOEFL Listening · Organization · Hard

[Audio] Professor: 'Mendel's experiments with pea plants revealed two principles. First, the law of segregation: each organism carries two alleles per trait, and these separate during reproduction. Second, the law of independent assortment: alleles for different traits are inherited independently. We'll then see how later discoveries modified this second law.' How is the lecture organized?

A) Chronological biography of Mendel
B) Two principles stated, then a qualification to the second
C) Compare-contrast of pea plants and animals
D) Problem-solution

答案：B). The professor presents two laws in sequence, then notes a later qualification to the second.

Q92 【L-2g】 · TOEFL Listening · Connecting Content · Medium

[Audio] Professor: 'Sound waves are longitudinal—particles vibrate parallel to the wave's direction. Light waves are transverse—vibrations are perpendicular to the direction of travel. Sound requires a medium like air or water; light can travel through a vacuum.' Based on the lecture, which combination is correct?

A) Sound → longitudinal, requires medium; Light → transverse, can travel through vacuum
B) Sound → transverse, can travel through vacuum; Light → longitudinal, requires medium
C) Both are longitudinal and require a medium
D) Both are transverse and can travel through vacuum

答案：A). Each wave type is correctly matched to its vibration pattern and medium requirement.

Q93 【L-2c】 · TOEFL Listening · Inference · Medium

[Audio] Housing officer: 'The dormitory you've requested is fully booked for the fall semester. However, we do have space in the off-campus apartments, which include kitchen facilities—though they're a fifteen-minute walk from the main campus.' What can be inferred about the student's situation?

A) The student's first-choice housing is unavailable, but an alternative is offered.
B) The student has been evicted.
C) No housing is available at all.
D) The apartments are on the main campus.

答案：A). The dorm is "fully booked" but the officer offers off-campus apartments as an alternative.

Q94 【L-2d】 · TOEFL Listening · Function · Hard

[Audio] Professor: 'Durkheim argued that society holds together through shared norms—a "collective conscience." Now, you might wonder whether that idea still applies in our fragmented, multicultural age. Consider social media: does it create shared conscience or fragment it?' What is the function of the professor's questions about social media?

A) To dismiss Durkheim as outdated
B) To prompt students to apply a classical theory to a contemporary case
C) To argue social media is harmful
D) To change the topic away from Durkheim

答案：B). The questions connect Durkheim's theory to a modern example, inviting students to test its applicability.

Q95 【L-2c】 · TOEFL Listening · Detail · Hard

[Audio] Professor: 'Vermeer's "Girl with a Pearl Earring" is remarkable for several reasons. The pearl itself is painted with only two brushstrokes. The blue turban uses ultramarine pigment, made from lapis lazuli, which was more expensive than gold at the time. And the girl's gaze directly engages the viewer, a technique unusual in 17th-century Dutch portraiture.' According to the professor, what made the blue pigment especially notable?

A) It was imported from China.
B) It was made from lapis lazuli and was more expensive than gold.
C) It was the first synthetic pigment.
D) It was donated by the church.

答案：B). The professor states ultramarine was made from lapis lazuli and was more expensive than gold.

Q96 【L-2a】 · TOEFL Listening · Main Idea · Hard

[Audio] Professor: 'Coral reefs occupy less than one percent of the ocean floor, yet they support roughly a quarter of all marine species. Today, they face a triple threat: rising temperatures cause bleaching, ocean acidification weakens skeletons, and overfishing disrupts the ecological balance. Protecting them requires coordinated global action on all three fronts.' What is the main topic?

A) The geographic distribution of coral reefs
B) The ecological importance of coral reefs and the triple threat they face
C) How to cook coral
D) The history of marine biology as a field

答案：B). The professor covers both coral reefs' ecological significance and the three threats they face.

Q97 【SPK-3a】 · TOEFL Speaking · Task 1 Independent (Agree/Disagree) · Easy

Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? 'Homework should be limited to no more than one hour per day for high school students.' Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer. 15 sec prep, 45 sec speak.

口语提示：State agreement or disagreement in the first sentence. Give one clear reason with a brief example. Conclude in the final sentence. Aim for ~100 words at a steady pace.

Q98 【SPK-3a】 · TOEFL Speaking · Task 1 Independent (Preference) · Medium

Some students prefer to take difficult courses first to get them out of the way. Others prefer to take easier courses first to build confidence. Which approach do you prefer, and why? 15 sec prep, 45 sec speak.

口语提示：State your preference clearly. Give one strong reason and a brief personal example. Mention a tradeoff if time allows. Avoid filler words; aim for ~100 words.

Q99 【SPK-3a】 · TOEFL Speaking · Task 1 Independent (Description) · Easy

Describe a tradition or holiday that is important in your culture. Explain what people do and why it is meaningful. 15 sec prep, 45 sec speak.

口语提示：Identify the tradition in the first sentence. Describe 1-2 typical activities. Explain the personal or cultural meaning. Use present tense and concrete details.

Q100 【SPK-3b】 · TOEFL Speaking · Task 2 Integrated (Campus) · Medium

Read a campus announcement (45 sec): the university plans to extend library hours during finals week. Listen to two students discussing the change (90 sec). The man expresses his opinion. State his opinion and explain the reasons he gives. 30 sec prep, 60 sec speak.

口语提示：Structure: State the change briefly (5 sec) → State the man's opinion (5 sec) → Reason 1 + detail (25 sec) → Reason 2 + detail (25 sec). Use reporting verbs: "He argues that...", "He points out..."

Q101 【SPK-3b】 · TOEFL Speaking · Task 2 Integrated (Campus) · Hard

Read a proposal (45 sec) by a student in the campus newspaper suggesting that the university eliminate parking on campus to encourage public transit. Listen to a conversation (90 sec) where a woman strongly disagrees. State her opinion and the two reasons she gives. 30 sec prep, 60 sec speak.

口语提示：Identify the proposal in 1 sentence, then the woman's opinion. Give both reasons with the supporting details she mentions. Use phrases: "She objects because...", "Her second concern is..."

Q102 【SPK-3c】 · TOEFL Speaking · Task 3 Integrated (Academic) · Hard

Read a short passage (45 sec) defining the biological concept of "keystone species"—a species whose effect on its ecosystem is disproportionately large relative to its abundance. Then listen to a lecture (90 sec) where the professor illustrates this with sea otters in kelp forests. Explain how the example illustrates the concept. 30 sec prep, 60 sec speak.

口语提示：Structure: Define "keystone species" in 1-2 sentences (10 sec) → Summarize the sea otter example (40 sec) → Connect back: "This shows otters are a keystone species because..." (10 sec).

Q103 【SPK-3d】 · TOEFL Speaking · Task 4 Integrated (Lecture) · Hard

Listen to a lecture (90 sec) about two ways companies build brand loyalty: emotional branding (creating personal connections) and reward programs (offering tangible benefits). Explain the two strategies and give the professor's examples. 20 sec prep, 60 sec speak.

口语提示：Structure: Intro stating the topic (5 sec) → Strategy 1 + example (25 sec) → Strategy 2 + example (25 sec) → Brief contrast (5 sec). Use signal words: "The first strategy is...", "In contrast..."

Q104 【SPK-3d】 · TOEFL Speaking · Task 4 Integrated (Lecture) · Medium

Listen to a lecture (90 sec) about two methods archaeologists use to date artifacts: stratigraphy (analyzing the soil layers where artifacts are found) and radiocarbon dating (measuring decay of carbon-14 in organic material). Explain the two methods. 20 sec prep, 60 sec speak.

口语提示：Structure: Intro (5 sec) → Method 1 (stratigraphy) with key detail (25 sec) → Method 2 (radiocarbon) with key detail (25 sec) → Brief contrast (5 sec). Use signal words to mark each method.

Q105 【WR-4a】 · TOEFL Writing · Integrated (Read+Listen+Write) · Hard

Read a passage (3 min, 250 words) arguing that the extinction of woolly mammoths was caused primarily by overhunting by early humans. Then listen to a lecture (2 min) that attributes the extinction mainly to climate change at the end of the Ice Age and refutes the overhunting hypothesis. Write a 150-225 word summary explaining how the lecture challenges the reading.

写作提示：Open with one sentence: the lecture opposes the reading. Write 3 paragraphs, each pairing a reading claim with the lecture's counter. Use verbs: "contends," "asserts," "counters," "challenges." Do NOT give personal opinion.

Q106 【WR-4a】 · TOEFL Writing · Integrated (Read+Listen+Write) · Hard

Read a passage (3 min) arguing that the colonization of Mars is feasible within the next 50 years. Then listen to a lecture (2 min) that challenges each point—radiation exposure, lack of resources, psychological toll. Write a 150-225 word summary of how the lecture casts doubt on the reading.

写作提示：One-sentence intro, then 3 body paragraphs pairing each reading claim with its lecture refutation. Use reporting verbs. Focus on the relationship between reading and lecture, not on which is correct.

Q107 【WR-4b】 · TOEFL Writing · Independent (Agree/Disagree) · Medium

Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? 'It is more important for students to study history and literature than science and mathematics.' Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer. (30 min, 300+ words)

写作提示：Take a clear stance. If disagree: science/math drive innovation and careers. Structure: Intro (thesis) → 2-3 body paragraphs with examples → Conclusion. Use transitions and varied sentence structure.

Q108 【WR-4b】 · TOEFL Writing · Independent (Preference) · Medium

Some people prefer to work in teams. Others prefer to work alone. Which do you prefer, and why? Use specific reasons and examples. (30 min, 300+ words)

写作提示：State your preference clearly in the introduction. Give 2-3 reasons with personal or workplace examples. Acknowledge the other side briefly. Conclude by restating your preference.

Q109 【WR-4b】 · TOEFL Writing · Independent (Compare/Contrast) · Hard

Compare the advantages of studying at a large university with those of studying at a small college. Which do you find more appealing? Use specific reasons and examples. (30 min, 300+ words)

写作提示：Dedicate one body paragraph to each option's advantages, then a paragraph stating your preference with reasoning. Avoid listing without analysis. Use transitions: "On the other hand," "By contrast," "Ultimately."

Q110 【WR-4b】 · TOEFL Writing · Independent (If/Imaginary) · Hard

If you could change one important thing about your hometown, what would you change? Use reasons and specific examples to support your answer. (30 min, 300+ words)

写作提示：Choose one concrete change (e.g., public transit, green space, education). Explain the current problem, the proposed change, and its expected benefits with examples. Stay focused—one change, deeply developed.

Q111 【WR-4b】 · TOEFL Writing · Grammar MCQ · Easy

Identify the error: 'The committee was divided in their opinions about the proposal.'

A) committee
B) was
C) their
D) about

答案：C) their → its. "Committee" is treated as singular here ("was"), so the pronoun should be "its," not "their."

Q112 【WR-4b】 · TOEFL Writing · Grammar MCQ · Medium

Choose the correct sentence:

A) The data shows a clear trend toward urbanization.
B) The data show a clear trend toward urbanization.
C) The data showing a clear trend toward urbanization.
D) The data shown a clear trend toward urbanization.

答案：B). In academic writing, "data" is treated as plural (singular: datum), so "show" is correct. Sentence A is acceptable in informal contexts but B is preferred formally.

Q113 【WR-4a】 · TOEFL Writing · Integrated (Read+Listen+Write) · Hard

Read a passage (3 min) arguing that the Apollo moon landings produced significant scientific benefits justifying their cost. Then listen to a lecture (2 min) challenging each claimed benefit and arguing the funds could have been better spent. Write a 150-225 word summary of how the lecture challenges the reading.

写作提示：Structure: 1-sentence intro → 3 body paragraphs pairing each reading claim with lecture counter. Use verbs like "contends," "counters," "argues." No personal opinion. Keep within word limit.

Q114 【WR-4b】 · TOEFL Writing · Independent (Agree/Disagree) · Hard

Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? 'The most important quality of a leader is the ability to communicate well.' Use specific reasons and examples. (30 min, 300+ words)

写作提示：Take a clear stance. If agree: cite leaders who inspired through communication (e.g., MLK, Churchill). If disagree: argue vision, integrity, or decision-making matter more. Use specific examples, varied sentence structure.

Q115 【WR-4b】 · TOEFL Writing · Independent (Preference) · Easy

Some people prefer to read fiction. Others prefer to read non-fiction. Which do you prefer, and why? Use specific reasons and examples. (30 min, 300+ words)

写作提示：State preference clearly. Give 2-3 reasons with examples of books/genres you enjoy. Acknowledge the other side briefly. Use transitions and concrete examples.

Q116 【WR-4b】 · TOEFL Writing · Independent (Compare/Contrast) · Medium

Compare the advantages of traveling by car with those of traveling by train. Which do you prefer for long-distance travel? Use specific reasons and examples. (30 min, 300+ words)

写作提示：One body paragraph on car travel (flexibility, scenery), one on train travel (relaxation, productivity), then state preference with reasoning. Use comparison transitions: "whereas," "unlike," "in contrast."

Q117 【WR-4b】 · TOEFL Writing · Independent (If/Imaginary) · Medium

If you could travel back in time to any historical period, which period would you choose, and why? Use specific reasons and examples. (30 min, 300+ words)

写作提示：Choose one period and develop it deeply. Explain what fascinates you, what you would observe, and what questions you would want answered. Use vivid, specific details rather than vague generalizations.

Q118 【WR-4b】 · TOEFL Writing · Grammar MCQ · Easy

Identify the error: 'She is one of the students who has passed the entrance exam.'

A) is
B) who
C) has
D) the

答案：C) has → have. In "one of the students who," the relative pronoun "who" refers to "students" (plural), so the verb should be "have."

Q119 【WR-4b】 · TOEFL Writing · Grammar MCQ · Medium

Choose the sentence with correct parallel structure:

A) She likes hiking, swimming, and to run.
B) She likes to hike, swim, and running.
C) She likes hiking, swimming, and running.
D) She likes hiking, to swim, and running.

答案：C). All three items use the -ing gerund form, maintaining parallel structure.

Q120 【WR-4b】 · TOEFL Writing · Grammar MCQ · Hard

Identify the error: 'Not only the students but also the teacher have expressed concern about the schedule.'

A) Not only
B) but also
C) have
D) about

答案：C) have → has. With "not only...but also," the verb agrees with the nearer subject ("teacher," singular), so "has" is correct.

TOEFL Practice Questions v12-beta

Group 1 · Reading

Group 2 · Listening

Group 3 · Speaking

Group 4 · Writing

Group 5 · Reading (扩展题库)

Group 6 · Listening (扩展题库)

Group 7 · Speaking (扩展题库)

Group 8 · Writing (扩展题库)