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生理学

Physiology

课程介绍 Course Introduction

学分:4 | 先修课:生物学、普通化学 | 学期:第四学期

本课程面向工程方向学生系统讲授人体生理功能机制,涵盖神经、肌肉、心血管、呼吸、肾脏、消化、内分泌等系统的原理。学生学习细胞电生理、动作电位传导、血流动力学、气体交换、稳态调节等核心过程,理解生理信号产生机制。课程结合定量建模与生物医学工程应用,为医疗器械设计、生物信号处理与生理建模奠定生物学基础。

Designed for engineering students, this course systematically covers human physiological mechanisms, including neural, muscular, cardiovascular, respiratory, renal, digestive, and endocrine systems. Students study cellular electrophysiology, action potential propagation, hemodynamics, gas exchange, and homeostasis, understanding how physiological signals arise. Quantitative modeling supports medical device design, signal processing, and physiological modeling.

大作业 Final Project

作业标题:心血管系统生理建模与仿真分析 / Cardiovascular System Physiological Modeling and Simulation

建立心血管系统的集总参数生理模型,仿真血流动力学过程并分析血压调节机制。结合临床生理数据完成模型验证。

Build a lumped-parameter physiological model of the cardiovascular system, simulate hemodynamic processes and analyze blood pressure regulation mechanisms. Validate the model using clinical physiological data.

实施步骤 Implementation Steps

📋 示例:建立一个心血管系统的仿真模型,比如体循环和肺循环的集总参数模型。你需要用Simulink搭建四元件Windkessel模型,设置合理的阻力、顺应性和惯性参数,然后仿真不同外周阻力下的血压波形,对比正常人和高血压患者的脉压差异。
步骤 1
生理机制调研
本步骤对生物医学工程问题进行深入分析,明确临床需求和技术指标。生物医学工程的核心是将工程技术与医学需求相结合,需要从临床应用场景出发,分析生理机制、技术可行性和安全要求。通过文献调研和临床需求调研确定设计输入。

• 检索PubMed、IEEE Xplore等数据库,调研国内外研究现状和技术发展趋势
• 分析临床应用场景和用户需求,明确适应症、使用人群和关键性能指标
• 识别技术难点和风险点,制定技术路线和关键性能参数指标
产出:需求分析报告(含文献综述、临床需求、技术指标、风险分析、技术路线) | 质量标准:调研充分、需求明确、指标合理、技术路线可行
步骤 2
数学建模
本步骤建立生物医学系统的数学模型,为仿真分析和参数优化提供理论基础。生物系统具有复杂性和非线性特点,需要从生理机制出发,结合实验数据建立合理的数学描述。模型需在准确性和复杂度之间取得平衡,确保可计算性和可解释性。

• 基于生理机制和解剖学数据,使用MATLAB或COMSOL建立微分方程或有限元模型
• 进行参数敏感性分析,识别关键参数,为后续参数辨识和优化提供方向
• 通过实验数据或临床数据进行模型校准,使用最小二乘法或贝叶斯方法辨识参数
产出:数学模型报告(含控制方程、参数列表、敏感性分析、校准结果、验证对比) | 质量标准:模型机理清晰、参数可辨识、拟合误差<15%、验证充分
步骤 3
参数辨识
本步骤是生物医学工程项目的重要环节,将工程技术与医学需求紧密结合解决临床问题。生物医学工程需严格遵循医疗器械相关法规和标准,确保安全性和有效性。采用专业的生物学、医学和工程学交叉方法开展工作。

• 依据医疗器械相关法规(如NMPA、FDA、CE)和标准(ISO、GB、YY)开展工作
• 使用专业工具(MATLAB/COMSOL/SolidWorks/SPSS等)进行设计、计算和数据分析
• 进行生物相容性和安全性评估,确保符合临床应用要求
产出:专业报告(含方法描述、实验数据、分析结果、风险评估、结论建议) | 质量标准:方法合规、数据准确、安全有效、符合医学伦理
步骤 4
仿真与分析
本步骤对生物医学工程问题进行深入分析,明确临床需求和技术指标。生物医学工程的核心是将工程技术与医学需求相结合,需要从临床应用场景出发,分析生理机制、技术可行性和安全要求。通过文献调研和临床需求调研确定设计输入。

• 检索PubMed、IEEE Xplore等数据库,调研国内外研究现状和技术发展趋势
• 分析临床应用场景和用户需求,明确适应症、使用人群和关键性能指标
• 识别技术难点和风险点,制定技术路线和关键性能参数指标
产出:需求分析报告(含文献综述、临床需求、技术指标、风险分析、技术路线) | 质量标准:调研充分、需求明确、指标合理、技术路线可行
步骤 5
验证与报告
本步骤对生物医学系统进行全面测试验证,确保功能性能满足设计要求和相关标准。生物医学产品的测试需严格遵循ISO 13485质量体系和相关医疗器械标准,确保测试结果的可重复性和可信度。通过台架试验、模拟试验和动物实验多级别验证。

• 制定测试方案和测试用例,依据YY/T或ISO医疗器械标准确定测试方法和合格判据
• 进行功能测试、性能测试、安全性测试和电磁兼容性(EMC)测试
• 记录测试数据,分析偏差原因,对不合格项进行整改和回归验证
产出:测试报告(含测试方案、测试用例、原始数据、结果分析、不合格项整改记录) | 质量标准:测试覆盖全面、方法符合标准、数据完整可追溯、所有关键项合格

Steps

Step 1
Physiological Mechanism Study
This step conducts in-depth analysis of biomedical engineering problems, clarifying clinical requirements and technical specifications. The core of biomedical engineering is combining engineering technology with medical needs, requiring analysis of physiological mechanisms, technical feasibility and safety requirements starting from clinical application scenarios. Determine design inputs through literature review and clinical needs investigation.

• Search databases such as PubMed and IEEE Xplore, investigate domestic and international research status and technology development trends
• Analyze clinical application scenarios and user needs, clarify indications, target population and key performance indicators
• Identify technical difficulties and risk points, develop technical route and key performance parameter specifications
Deliverable: Requirements analysis report (including literature review, clinical needs, technical specifications, risk analysis, technical route) | Quality standard: Thorough investigation, clear requirements, reasonable specifications, feasible technical route
Step 2
Mathematical Modeling
This step establishes mathematical models of biomedical systems, providing theoretical foundation for simulation analysis and parameter optimization. Biological systems are characterized by complexity and nonlinearity, requiring reasonable mathematical descriptions based on physiological mechanisms combined with experimental data. The model must balance accuracy and complexity, ensuring computability and interpretability.

• Build differential equation or finite element models using MATLAB or COMSOL based on physiological mechanisms and anatomical data
• Perform parameter sensitivity analysis, identify key parameters, provide direction for subsequent parameter identification and optimization
• Calibrate model with experimental or clinical data, identify parameters using least squares or Bayesian methods
Deliverable: Mathematical model report (including governing equations, parameter list, sensitivity analysis, calibration results, validation comparison) | Quality standard: Clear model mechanism, identifiable parameters, fitting error <15%, sufficient validation
Step 3
Parameter Identification
This step is an important element in biomedical engineering projects, closely integrating engineering technology with medical needs to solve clinical problems. Biomedical engineering must strictly follow relevant medical device regulations and standards, ensuring safety and effectiveness. Work is carried out using interdisciplinary methods of biology, medicine and engineering.

• Work according to relevant medical device regulations (NMPA, FDA, CE) and standards (ISO, GB, YY)
• Use professional tools (MATLAB/COMSOL/SolidWorks/SPSS, etc.) for design, calculation and data analysis
• Perform biocompatibility and safety evaluation, ensuring compliance with clinical application requirements
Deliverable: Professional report (including method description, experimental data, analysis results, risk assessment, conclusions and suggestions) | Quality standard: Compliant methods, accurate data, safe and effective, compliant with medical ethics
Step 4
Simulation and Analysis
This step conducts in-depth analysis of biomedical engineering problems, clarifying clinical requirements and technical specifications. The core of biomedical engineering is combining engineering technology with medical needs, requiring analysis of physiological mechanisms, technical feasibility and safety requirements starting from clinical application scenarios. Determine design inputs through literature review and clinical needs investigation.

• Search databases such as PubMed and IEEE Xplore, investigate domestic and international research status and technology development trends
• Analyze clinical application scenarios and user needs, clarify indications, target population and key performance indicators
• Identify technical difficulties and risk points, develop technical route and key performance parameter specifications
Deliverable: Requirements analysis report (including literature review, clinical needs, technical specifications, risk analysis, technical route) | Quality standard: Thorough investigation, clear requirements, reasonable specifications, feasible technical route
Step 5
Validation and Report
This step conducts comprehensive testing and verification of biomedical systems, ensuring functional performance meets design requirements and relevant standards. Testing of biomedical products must strictly follow ISO 13485 quality system and relevant medical device standards, ensuring test result repeatability and credibility. Multi-level verification through bench tests, simulation tests and animal experiments.

• Develop test plan and test cases, determine test methods and acceptance criteria according to YY/T or ISO medical device standards
• Perform functional testing, performance testing, safety testing and electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) testing
• Record test data, analyze deviation causes, conduct corrective actions and regression verification for non-conforming items
Deliverable: Test report (including test plan, test cases, raw data, result analysis, non-conformity correction records) | Quality standard: Comprehensive test coverage, standard-compliant methods, complete traceable data, all critical items qualified
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