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供应链战略

Supply Chain Strategy

课程介绍 Course Introduction

学分:3 | 先修课:运营管理、物流管理、采购管理 | 学期:大四秋季

本课程是供应链管理专业的高阶综合课程,从战略层面探讨供应链管理与企业竞争优势的关系。课程内容包括供应链战略框架、效率型与响应型供应链匹配、供应链网络设计战略、全球供应链战略、供应链风险管理、可持续供应链战略、数字化供应链转型、供应链金融、供应链组织结构与绩效管理等。通过大量案例分析和战略模拟,培养学生的全局视野和战略思维能力,能够为企业制定和实施供应链战略提供决策支持。

This advanced capstone course explores supply chain management from a strategic perspective and its relationship with competitive advantage. Topics include supply chain strategy framework, efficiency vs. responsiveness fit, network design strategy, global supply chain strategy, risk management, sustainable supply chains, digital transformation, supply chain finance, organizational structure, and performance management. Through extensive case studies and strategy simulations, students develop strategic thinking and decision-making capabilities.

大作业 Final Project

作业标题:企业供应链战略设计与优化方案

选取一家企业,分析其供应链战略框架,判断供应链类型(效率型或响应型)与产品特性的匹配,设计供应链网络战略,评估全球供应链风险并提出数字化转型建议。

Select an enterprise, analyze its supply chain strategy framework, determine the match between supply chain type (efficient or responsive) and product characteristics, design network strategy, assess global supply chain risks, and propose digital transformation.

实施步骤 Implementation Steps

📋 示例:为一家快消品企业设计供应链网络,比如全国布局的饮料品牌。你需要分析需求分布和物流成本结构,用重心法选址新建配送中心,决定自营还是外包,最后测算网络优化后的总成本和服务水平提升。
步骤 1
供应链诊断与现状分析
本步骤的核心任务是对企业供应链进行全面诊断,分析现状和问题。通过对采购、生产、库存、物流、销售等供应链各环节的系统分析,识别痛点和改进机会,为供应链优化奠定基础。

• 供应链现状调研:收集供应链各环节数据(采购周期、库存水平、订单满足率、物流时效、成本结构等),绘制供应链流程图,了解端到端供应链运作情况
• 供应链绩效评估:建立供应链绩效评估体系(SCOR模型:可靠性、响应性、柔性、成本、资产管理),计算关键绩效指标(库存周转率、订单履约率、准时交付率、供应链总成本),进行标杆对比
• 问题识别与根因分析:识别供应链中的核心问题(库存过高或缺货、交付延迟、成本偏高、牛鞭效应、信息不对称等),运用鱼骨图、5Why等方法进行根因分析,确定改进优先级
产出:供应链诊断报告(含现状分析、流程图、绩效评估、问题识别与根因分析、改进机会排序)| 质量标准:诊断全面系统,数据准确完整,绩效评估科学,问题定位精准
步骤 2
供应链网络设计与规划
本步骤的核心任务是进行供应链网络优化设计,包括设施选址、产能规划、库存布局、配送网络设计。通过定量模型和优化方法,设计成本最优、服务水平最高的供应链网络结构。

• 设施选址与网络设计:运用重心法、因素评分法、线性规划等方法进行工厂、仓库、配送中心的选址决策,设计供应链网络层级结构(几层网络、各层级节点数量和位置)
• 产能规划与分配:进行需求预测(定性方法、定量方法:移动平均、指数平滑、回归分析),根据需求预测进行产能规划,确定各工厂的生产品类和产能分配,设计产能弹性和备份方案
• 库存策略设计:制定库存策略(EOQ经济订货批量、安全库存计算、再订货点、定期补货/定量补货),设计多级库存体系(原材料、在制品、成品),进行ABC分类管理,确定各类产品的库存目标
产出:供应链网络设计方案(含设施选址、网络结构设计、产能规划、库存策略、需求预测)| 质量标准:网络设计科学合理,模型方法应用恰当,成本与服务水平平衡,方案可落地
步骤 3
采购与供应商管理
本步骤的核心任务是优化采购流程和供应商管理体系,建立战略合作型供应商关系。包括采购策略制定、供应商选择与评估、采购成本优化、供应商关系管理、供应链风险管理。

• 采购策略制定:进行采购品类分析(卡拉杰克矩阵:杠杆型、战略型、常规型、瓶颈型),针对不同品类制定差异化采购策略(集中采购、分散采购、招标采购、长期协议),设计采购流程和审批权限
• 供应商选择与评估:建立供应商评估指标体系(质量、价格、交付、服务、技术能力、财务状况),运用层次分析法(AHP)或模糊综合评价法进行供应商评价,建立供应商准入、分级和淘汰机制
• 供应商关系管理与成本优化:建立战略供应商合作伙伴关系,开展供应商协同(联合预测、联合库存管理、技术合作),进行采购成本分析(总拥有成本TCO),通过谈判、招标、价值工程等方式降低采购成本
产出:采购与供应商管理方案(含采购策略、供应商评估体系、供应商关系管理、成本优化方案)| 质量标准:采购策略针对性强,供应商评估科学,成本优化可量化,关系管理体系完善
步骤 4
生产运营与库存优化
本步骤的核心任务是优化生产运营和库存管理,提升供应链的运作效率和响应速度。包括生产计划与排程、精益生产、库存优化、需求管理、订单履约管理。

• 生产计划与排程:制定综合生产计划和主生产计划(MPS),进行物料需求计划(MRP)运算,设计车间作业排程(APS高级计划与排程),平衡产能与需求,优化生产批量和节拍
• 精益生产与流程优化:推行精益生产方式(准时制生产JIT、看板管理、5S、价值流图VSM、持续改善Kaizen),消除七大浪费,优化生产流程,缩短生产周期,提高生产效率和质量
• 库存优化与需求管理:运用ABC/XYZ分类进行精细化库存管理,实施VMI供应商管理库存、JIT准时制供货、CPFR协同预测与补货,建立需求管理流程,降低牛鞭效应,优化库存周转率
产出:生产与库存优化方案(含生产计划体系、精益生产方案、库存优化策略、需求管理流程)| 质量标准:生产计划体系完整,精益措施具体可行,库存优化效果可量化,需求管理有效
步骤 5
物流配送与持续改进
本步骤的核心任务是优化物流配送网络和运作流程,建立供应链持续改进机制。包括运输管理、仓储管理、配送路径优化、供应链协同、绩效监控与持续改进。

• 物流配送优化:设计配送网络和路线(VRP车辆路径问题、节约算法、遗传算法),选择运输方式和物流服务商(自营物流/第三方物流/众包物流),优化装载方案,降低物流成本,提高配送时效和服务水平
• 仓储与订单履约优化:优化仓库布局和储位管理(ABC储位、货位编码),设计拣货策略(摘果式、播种式、分区拣货),运用WMS仓储管理系统,优化订单履约流程,提高发货准确率和时效
• 供应链协同与持续改进:建立供应链信息共享和协同机制(S&OP销售与运营规划、CPFR),建立供应链绩效监控体系,定期进行供应链复盘,运用PDCA循环推动持续改进,建立供应链风险管理和应急预案
产出:物流优化与持续改进方案(含物流配送方案、仓储优化方案、供应链协同机制、绩效体系与持续改进)| 质量标准:物流方案经济高效,仓储运作规范,协同机制有效,持续改进机制完善

Steps

Step 1
Supply Chain Diagnosis & Current State Analysis
The core task of this step is to conduct comprehensive diagnosis of the enterprise supply chain and analyze current status and problems. Through systematic analysis of procurement, production, inventory, logistics, sales and other supply chain links, identify pain points and improvement opportunities.

• Supply chain status research: collect data from all supply chain links (procurement cycle, inventory level, order fulfillment rate, logistics timeliness, cost structure, etc.), draw supply chain flowcharts, understand end-to-end supply chain operations
• Supply chain performance evaluation: establish supply chain performance evaluation system (SCOR model: reliability, responsiveness, flexibility, cost, asset management), calculate key performance indicators (inventory turnover, order fulfillment rate, on-time delivery rate, total supply chain cost), conduct benchmarking comparison
• Problem identification and root cause analysis: identify core supply chain problems (excess inventory or stockouts, delivery delays, high costs, bullwhip effect, information asymmetry, etc.), use fishbone diagram, 5-Why and other methods for root cause analysis, determine improvement priorities
Deliverable: Supply chain diagnosis report (including status analysis, flowcharts, performance evaluation, problem identification and root cause analysis, improvement opportunity ranking) | Quality standard: Comprehensive systematic diagnosis, accurate and complete data, scientific performance evaluation, precise problem定位
Step 2
Supply Chain Network Design & Planning
The core task of this step is to conduct supply chain network optimization design, including facility location, capacity planning, inventory layout, distribution network design. Through quantitative models and optimization methods, design cost-optimal, highest service level supply chain network structure.

• Facility location and network design: use center-of-gravity method, factor rating method, linear programming and other methods for factory, warehouse, distribution center location decisions, design supply chain network hierarchy structure (how many tiers, number and location of nodes at each tier)
• Capacity planning and allocation: conduct demand forecasting (qualitative methods, quantitative methods: moving average, exponential smoothing, regression analysis), conduct capacity planning based on demand forecast, determine product categories and capacity allocation for each plant, design capacity flexibility and backup plans
• Inventory strategy design: develop inventory strategies (EOQ economic order quantity, safety stock calculation, reorder point, periodic review/quantitative review), design multi-level inventory system (raw materials, WIP, finished goods), conduct ABC classification management, determine inventory targets for each product category
Deliverable: Supply chain network design solution (including facility location, network structure design, capacity planning, inventory strategy, demand forecasting) | Quality standard: Scientific and reasonable network design, appropriate model and method application, balanced cost and service level, implementable solution
Step 3
Procurement & Supplier Management
The core task of this step is to optimize procurement processes and supplier management system, establish strategic cooperative supplier relationships. Includes procurement strategy formulation, supplier selection and evaluation, procurement cost optimization, supplier relationship management, supply chain risk management.

• Procurement strategy formulation: conduct procurement category analysis (Kraljic matrix: leverage, strategic, routine, bottleneck), develop differentiated procurement strategies for different categories (centralized procurement, decentralized procurement, tender procurement, long-term agreements), design procurement processes and approval authorities
• Supplier selection and evaluation: establish supplier evaluation indicator system (quality, price, delivery, service, technical capability, financial status), use AHP or fuzzy comprehensive evaluation for supplier evaluation, establish supplier admission, grading and elimination mechanisms
• Supplier relationship management and cost optimization: establish strategic supplier partnership relationships, conduct supplier collaboration (joint forecasting, joint inventory management, technical cooperation), conduct procurement cost analysis (total cost of ownership TCO), reduce procurement costs through negotiation, tendering, value engineering and other methods
Deliverable: Procurement and supplier management solution (including procurement strategy, supplier evaluation system, supplier relationship management, cost optimization plan) | Quality standard: Highly targeted procurement strategy, scientific supplier evaluation, quantifiable cost optimization, complete relationship management system
Step 4
Production Operations & Inventory Optimization
The core task of this step is to optimize production operations and inventory management, improve supply chain operational efficiency and response speed. Includes production planning and scheduling, lean production, inventory optimization, demand management, order fulfillment management.

• Production planning and scheduling: develop aggregate production plan and master production schedule (MPS), conduct material requirements planning (MRP) calculation, design shop floor scheduling (APS advanced planning and scheduling), balance capacity and demand, optimize production batch and takt time
• Lean production and process optimization: implement lean production methods (just-in-time JIT, kanban management, 5S, value stream mapping VSM, continuous improvement Kaizen), eliminate seven wastes, optimize production processes, shorten production cycle, improve production efficiency and quality
• Inventory optimization and demand management: use ABC/XYZ classification for refined inventory management, implement VMI vendor-managed inventory, JIT delivery, CPFR collaborative planning forecasting and replenishment, establish demand management process, reduce bullwhip effect, optimize inventory turnover
Deliverable: Production and inventory optimization solution (including production planning system, lean production plan, inventory optimization strategy, demand management process) | Quality standard: Complete production planning system, specific feasible lean measures, quantifiable inventory optimization effect, effective demand management
Step 5
Logistics Distribution & Continuous Improvement
The core task of this step is to optimize logistics distribution network and operational processes, establish supply chain continuous improvement mechanism. Includes transportation management, warehouse management, distribution route optimization, supply chain collaboration, performance monitoring and continuous improvement.

• Logistics distribution optimization: design distribution network and routes (VRP vehicle routing problem, savings algorithm, genetic algorithm), select transportation modes and logistics service providers (self-operated logistics/3PL/crowdsourced logistics), optimize loading plans, reduce logistics costs, improve delivery timeliness and service levels
• Warehouse and order fulfillment optimization: optimize warehouse layout and storage location management (ABC storage, location coding), design picking strategies (discrete picking, batch picking, zone picking), use WMS warehouse management system, optimize order fulfillment processes, improve shipping accuracy and timeliness
• Supply chain collaboration and continuous improvement: establish supply chain information sharing and collaboration mechanism (S&OP sales and operations planning, CPFR), establish supply chain performance monitoring system, regularly conduct supply chain reviews, use PDCA cycle to drive continuous improvement, establish supply chain risk management and emergency plans
Deliverable: Logistics optimization and continuous improvement solution (including logistics distribution plan, warehouse optimization plan, supply chain collaboration mechanism, performance system and continuous improvement) | Quality standard: Economical and efficient logistics solution, standardized warehouse operations, effective collaboration mechanism, complete continuous improvement mechanism
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